Crash Course Medical Research, Audit and Teaching: the Essentials for Career Success, 2nd Edition

Section 1 The essentials for career success
1    An introduction to research, audit and teaching 
Book purpose
Research methodology
Audit and its loop
Teaching theory and practice
The essentials for career success
Further reading
2    Evidence-based medicine
What is evidence-based medicine?
Formulating clinical questions
Identifying relevant evidence
The search strategy
Search terms
Reviewing the search strategy
Critically appraising the evidence
Evaluating performance
Creating guideline recommendations
Further reading
3    How to get involved
Opportunities for research
Types of projects
Identifying the gap in the evidence
Finding a research supervisor/research group
Project funding
Advice for someone considering a career in academic medicine
Further reading
4    Presenting your research findings
Submitting an abstract for presentation
Selecting the right conference
Writing an abstract
Poster presentations
Oral presentations
Answering audience questions
Further reading
5    Publishing your findings
Writing up a research study manuscript
Submitting a manuscript for publication
Dealing with a rejected manuscript
Further reading
6    Writing a successful curriculum vitae
Is a curriculum vitae necessary?
What is a curriculum vitae?
Writing an effective curriculum vitae
Style and formatting
Common mistakes
Further reading
Section 2 Research methodology 
7    Handling data  
Types of variables
Types of data
Displaying the distribution of a single variable
Displaying the distribution of two variables
Describing the frequency distribution: central tendency
Describing the frequency distribution: variability
Theoretical distributions
Transformations
Choosing the correct summary measure
Further reading
8    Investigating hypotheses
Hypothesis testing
Choosing a sample
Extrapolating from sample to population
Comparing means and proportions: confidence intervals
The P-value
Statistical significance and clinical significance
Statistical power
References
Further reading
9    Systematic review and meta-analysis
Why do we need systematic reviews?
Evidence synthesis
Meta-analysis
Presenting meta-analyses
Evaluating meta-analyses
Key example of a meta-analysis
Reporting a systematic review
References
Further reading
10  Research design 
Obtaining data
Interventional studies
Observational studies
Clinical trials
Bradford-Hill criteria for causation
Choosing the right study design
Further reading
11  Randomized controlled trials
Why choose an interventional study design?
Parallel randomized controlled trial
Confounding, causality and bias
Interpreting the results
Types of randomized controlled trials
Key example of a randomized controlled trial
Reporting a randomized controlled trial
References
Further reading
12  Cohort studies
Study design
Interpreting the results
Confounding, causality and bias
Advantages and disadvantages
Key example of a cohort study
References
Further reading
13  Case–control studies 
Study design
Interpreting the results
Case study: risk of constrictive pericarditis
after acute pericarditis
Confounding, causality and bias
Key example of a case–control study
References
Further reading
14  Measures of disease occurrence and
cross-sectional studies 
Measures of disease occurrence
Study design
Interpreting the results
Confounding, causality and bias
Key example of a cross-sectional study
References
Further reading
15  Ecological studies
Study design
Interpreting the results
Sources of error in ecological studies
Key example of an ecological study
References
Further reading
16  Case report and case series 
Background
Conducting a case report
Conducting a case series
Critical appraisal of a case series
Key examples of case reports
Key example of a case series
References
Further reading
17  Qualitative research 
Study design
Organizing and analysing the data
Validity, reliability and transferability
Advantages and disadvantages
Key example of qualitative research
References
Further reading
18  Confounding 
What is confounding?
Assessing for potential confounding factors
Controlling for confounding factors
Reporting and interpreting the results
Key example of study confounding
References
Further reading
19  Screening, diagnosis and prognosis
Screening, diagnosis and prognosis
Screening tests
Example of a screening test using likelihood ratios
Diagnostic tests
Evaluating the performance of a diagnostic test
The diagnostic process
Example of a diagnostic test using predictive values
Bias in diagnostic studies
Prognostic tests
References
Further reading
20  Statistical techniques
Choosing appropriate statistical tests
Comparison of one group to a hypothetical value
Comparison of two groups
Comparison of three or more groups
Measures of association
Further reading
21  Economic evaluation  
What is health economics?
Economic question and study design
Cost-minimization analysis
Cost-utility analysis
Cost-effectiveness analysis
Cost–benefit analysis
Sensitivity analysis
Further reading
22  Critical appraisal checklists
Critical appraisal
Critical appraisal checklist: systematic reviews and meta-analyses
Critical appraisal checklist: randomized controlled trials
Critical appraisal checklist: diagnostic studies
Critical appraisal checklist: qualitative studies
Further reading
23  Crash course in statistical formulae 
Describing the frequency distribution
Extrapolating from ‘sample’ to ‘population’
Study analysis
Test performance
Economic evaluation
Further reading
Section 3 Audit and its loop: the modern approach to improving healthcare practice
24  Clinical audit 
An introduction to clinical audit
Planning the audit
Choosing the standards
Audit protocol
Defining the sample
Data collection
Analysing the data
Evaluating the findings
Implementing change
Example of a clinical audit
Further reading
25  Quality improvement
Quality improvement versus audit
The model for quality improvement
The aim statement
Measures for improvement
Developing the changes
The plan-do-study-act  cycle
Repeating the cycle
Example of a quality improvement project
Further reading
Section 4 Teaching Theory and Practice  
26  Medical education
Introduction
Learning perspectives/theories
Optimizing learning
Further reading
27  Designing a teaching session and teaching programme  
Effective teaching session design
Setting objectives
Setting up a teaching programme
Further reading
28  Teaching methods
Teaching small groups
Teaching in the clinical environment
Teaching large groups/lecturing
Further reading
29  Teaching materials 
The purpose of teaching materials
Different types of teaching materials
Social media
Factors influencing the type of teaching material to use
Creating effective teaching materials
Further reading
30  Evaluation, assessment and feedback 
Evaluation
Assessment
Feedback
References
Further reading
31  Dealing with the student in difficulty
Recognition
Consultation
Interventions and follow-up
Further reading