Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases, 3rd Edition

SECTION 1: OVERVIEW

4 Standard Methods for Infectious Diseases
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, and Shira Winters, MD
10 Emerging Techniques
Jessica Crothers, MD
12 Biosafety Considerations
Jessica Crothers, MD
16 Pitfalls and Artifacts
Jessica Crothers, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD

SECTION 2: VIRAL INFECTIONS

DNA VIRUSES

22 Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
28 Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3) Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
32 Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4) Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
38 Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
44 Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 (HHV-6, HHV-7) Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
46 Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV-8) Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
52 Herpes B Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
54 Adenovirus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
58 Hepatitis B and D Virus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
62 Parvovirus B19 Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
66 JC Virus, BK Virus, and Other Polyomavirus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
72 Human Papillomavirus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
78 Molluscum Contagiosum
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
80 Smallpox, Mpox, and Other Pox Virus Infections
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD

RNA VIRUSES

86 Arbovirus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
92 Zika Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
96 Ebola, Marburg, and Other Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
102 Enterovirus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi),MBA
104 Poliovirus Infection
Jessica Crothers, MD and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
106 Rabies Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
108 Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
110 Measles Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
112 Mumps Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
114 Rubella Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
116 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
120 Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type I Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
122 Influenza Virus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
126 Parainfluenza Virus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
128 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
134 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Other Coronavirus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
136 Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Eleanor Russell-Goldman,MD, PhD
138 Rhinoviruses, Human Metapneumovirus, and Other Respiratory Virus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
140 Rotavirus, Norovirus, and Astrovirus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
142 Hepatitis A and E Virus Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
146 Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA

SECTION 3: PRION DISEASES

152 Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD

SECTION 4: BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

158 Bacterial Classification and Diagnosis
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
160 Botryomycosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA
162 Malakoplakia
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Leigh Compton, MD

GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA

164 Actinomycosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, and Leigh Compton, MD
166 Bacillus Species Infections
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
170 Clostridioides and Other Gram-Positive Anaerobes
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD
174 Corynebacterium Species Infections
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
178 Listeria Species Infection
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
180 Rhodococcus Species Infection
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
182 Staphylococcus Species Infections
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
188 Streptococcus and Enterococcus Species Infections
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
192 Whipple Disease
Jessica Crothers, MD, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

196 Pathologically Important Enterobacterales: Escherichia, Shigella, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Yersinia Species Infections
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD
204 Fastidious Organisms: Brucella, Francisella, Haemophilus, and Legionella Species Infections
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
210 Nonfermentative Organisms: Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, and Pseudomonas Species Infections
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, and Lenette Lu, MD, PhD
216 Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Other Gram- Negative Anaerobes
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
220 Bartonella Species Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc
222 Campylobacter and Vibrio Species Infections
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
226 Helicobacteriosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
228 Neisseria and Moraxella Species Infections
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
232 Pertussis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
234 Intestinal Spirochetosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Leigh Compton, MD, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
236 Borrelia Species Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
240 Leptospira Species Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
242 Syphilis and Other Treponematoses
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD,
and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
248 Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, and
Lenette Lu, MD, PhD
252 Chlamydophila and Chlamydia Species Infections
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
256 Coxiella Species Infection
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
258 Rickettsia and Orientia Species Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
262 Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Species Infections
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD

ACID-FAST BACTERIA

264 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Infections
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
270 Leprosy
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
274 Buruli Ulcer
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc
276 Mycobacterium avium Complex and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD and Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD
280 Nocardiosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA

SECTION 5: FUNGAL INFECTIONS

286 Fungal Classification and Diagnosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA

MOLDS

290 Aspergillosis
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
296 Entomophthoramycosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc
300 Fusariosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
302 Mucormycosis
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
306 Mycetoma
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Brian J. Hall, MD
310 Phaeohyphomycosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
312 Scedosporiosis and Lomentosporiosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD
314 Scopulariopsis Infections
Zoe Freeman Weiss, MD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD
316 Tineasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Leigh Compton, MD, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
318 Trichosporonosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
320 Superficial Mycoses
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc

YEASTS AND YEAST-LIKE ORGANISMS

324 Blastomycosis
Jessica Crothers, MD
330 Candidiasis
Jessica Crothers, MD, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
336 Chromoblastomycosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
340 Coccidioidomycosis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
344 Cryptococcosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
350 Histoplasmosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH, and Nicole Pecora, MD, PhD
356 Lobomycosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc
358 Paracoccidioidomycosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD
360 Pneumocystosis
Jessica Crothers, MD, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
364 Sporotrichosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
368 Talaromycosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
370 Rhinosporidiosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc
372 Protothecosis
Jessica Crothers, MD

SECTION 6: PROTOZOAN PARASITIC INFECTIONS

376 Parasite Classification and Diagnosis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA

GASTROINTESTINAL AND OTHER LUMINAL PROTOZOA

380 Balantidiasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
382 Cryptosporidiosis and Other Coccidia Infections
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
386 Entamebiasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
390 Giardiasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
392 Microsporidiosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
394 Trichomoniasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and T. Rinda Soong, MD, PhD, MPH

INTRAVASCULAR PROTOZOA

396 African Trypanosomiasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
398 Babesiosis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Lenette Lu, MD, PhD
402 Malaria
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA

DEEP TISSUE PROTOZOA

408 Free-Living Amebiasis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
414 American Trypanosomiasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD
416 Leishmaniasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA, and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
420 Toxoplasmosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA

SECTION 7: HELMINTHIC PARASITIC INFECTIONS

NEMATODES

426 Ancylostomiasis and Necatoriasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
428 Angiostrongyliasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
430 Ascariasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
434 Enterobiasis
Jessica Crothers, MD and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
438 Gnathostomiasis
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc
440 Human Filariasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Eleanor Russell-Goldman, MD, PhD
444 Onchocerciasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA
446 Strongyloidiasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
450 Trichuriasis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
454 Trichinellosis
Jessica Crothers, MD

TREMATODES

456 Clonorchiasis and Opisthorchiasis
Jessica Crothers, MD
460 Fascioliasis and Fasciolopsiasis
Jessica Crothers, MD
462 Paragonimiasis
Jessica Crothers, MD
464 Schistosomiasis
Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD

CESTODES

470 Coenurosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
472 Cysticercosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
478 Diphyllobothriasis and Hymenolepiasis
Jessica Crothers, MD
482 Echinococcosis
Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA and Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD
486 Sparganosis
Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD

SECTION 8: INFESTATIONS AND OTHER INVERTEBRATE-RELATED MALADIES

490 Tissue Damage From Arachnids and Insects
Alvaro C. Laga, MD, MMSc, Isaac H. Solomon, MD, PhD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
498 Myiasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
500 Scabies
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA, Leigh Compton, MD, and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
502 Demodex Infestations
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA
504 Tungiasis
Malak Abedalthagafi, MD, MBA and Dan Milner, MD, MSc(Epi), MBA