SECTION 1—CRANIAL NERVE AND
NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGIC DISORDERS
OVERVIEW OF CRANIAL NERVES
1-1 Distribution of Motor and Sensory
Fibers, 2
1-2 Nerves and Nuclei Viewed in Phantom
from Behind, 4
1-3 Nerves and Nuclei in Lateral Dissection, 5
OLFACTORY (I) NERVE
1-4 Olfactory Pathways, 6
1-5 Olfactory Receptors, 7
1-6 Olfactory Bulb and Nerve, 8
OPTIC (II) NERVE
1-7 Eye, 9
1-8 Visual Pathways, 10
1-9 Optic Nerve Appearance, 11
1-10 Retinal Projections to Thalamus,
Midbrain, and Brainstem, 12
1-11 Pupillary Light Reflex and the
Accommodation Reflex, 13
OCULOMOTOR (III), TROCHLEAR (IV),
AND ABDUCENS (VI) NERVES
1-12 Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and
Abducens (VI) Nerves, 14
1-13 Nerves of Orbit and Cavernous Sinus, 15
1-14 Control of Eye Movements, 16
1-15 Control of Eye
Movements—Pathology, 17
1-16 Control of Eye Movements—Pathology
(Continued), 18
1-17 Autonomic Innervation of the Eye, 19
TRIGEMINAL (V) NERVE
1-18 Trigeminal (V) Nerve, 20
1-19 Trigeminal Nuclei: Afferent and Central
Connections, 21
1-20 Trigeminal Nuclei: Central and Peripheral
Connections, 22
1-21 Ophthalmic (V1) and Maxillary (V2)
Nerves, 23
1-22 Mandibular Nerve (V3), 24
1-23 Trigeminal Nerve Disorders, 25
FACIAL (VII) NERVE
1-24 Facial (VII) Nerve, 26
1-25 Muscles of Facial Expression: Lateral
View, 27
1-26 Central Versus Peripheral Facial
Paralysis, 28
1-27 Facial Palsy, 29
TASTE RECEPTORS AND PATHWAYS
1-28 Anatomy of Taste Buds and Their
Receptors, 30
1-29 Tongue, 31
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (VIII) NERVE
1-30 Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve, 32
1-31 Pathway of Sound Reception, 33
1-32 Pathologic Causes of Vertigo, 34
1-33 Canalith Repositioning (Epley
Maneuver), 35
1-34 Afferent Auditory Pathways, 36
1-35 Centrifugal Auditory Pathways, 37
1-36 Vestibular Receptors, 38
1-37 Cochlear Receptors, 39
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) NERVE
1-38 Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve, 40
1-39 Otic Ganglion, 41
VAGUS (X) NERVE
1-40 Vagus (X) Nerve, 42
1-41 Vagus Nerve Branches and
Disorders, 43
ACCESSORY (XI) NERVE
1-42 Accessory (XI) Nerve, 44
1-43 Clinical Findings in Cranial Nerve XI
Damage, 45
HYPOGLOSSAL (XII) NERVE
1-44 Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve, 46
1-45 Intramedullary Course, 47
1-46 Disorders of Hypoglossal Nucleus and
Nerve, 48
SECTION 2—SPINAL CORD: ANATOMY
AND MYELOPATHIES
2-1 Spinal Cord, 50
2-2 Spinal Membranes and Nerve
Roots, 51
2-3 Arteries of Spinal Cord, 52
2-4 Arteries of Spinal Cord: Intrinsic
Distribution, 53
2-5 Veins of Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots, and
Vertebrae, 54
2-6 Principal Fiber Tracts of Spinal
Cord, 55
2-7 Somesthetic System of Body, 56
2-8 Corticospinal (Pyramidal) System: Motor
Component, 57
2-9 Rubrospinal Tract, 58
2-10 Vestibulospinal Tracts, 59
2-11 Reticulospinal and Corticoreticular
Pathways, 60
2-12 Spinal Origin or Termination of Major
Descending Tracts and Ascending
Pathways, 61
2-13 Cytoarchitecture of Spinal Cord Gray
Matter, 62
2-14 Spinal Effector Mechanisms, 63
2-15 Spinal Reflex Pathways, 64
2-16 Motor Impairment Related to Level of
Spinal Cord Injury, 65
2-17 Sensory Impairment Related to Level of
Spinal Cord Injury, 66
2-18 Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes, 67
2-19 Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Evolution
of Symptoms, 68
2-20 Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Pathology,
Etiology, and Diagnosis, 69
2-21 Spinal Tumors, 70
2-22 Spinal Tumors (Continued), 71
2-23 Neuroimaging (MRI) Characteristics of
Spinal Tumors, 72
2-24 Syringomyelia, 73
2-25 Subacute Combined Degeneration, 74
2-26 Spinal Dural Fistulas and Arteriovenous
Malformations, 75
2-27 Cervical Spondylosis, 76
2-28 Cervical Disk Herniation Causing Cord
Compression, 77
2-29 Infectious and Hereditary
Myelopathies, 78
SECTION 3—SPINAL TRAUMA
3-1 Spinal Column, 80
3-2 Atlas and Axis, 81
3-3 Cervical Vertebrae, 82
3-4 External Craniocervical Ligaments, 83
3-5 Internal Craniocervical Ligaments, 84
3-6 Thoracic Vertebrae, 85
3-7 Lumbar Vertebrae and Intervertebral
Disk, 86
3-8 Ligaments of Spinal Column, 87
3-9 Sacrum and Coccyx, 88
3-10 Ligaments of Sacrum and Coccyx, 89
3-11 Distractive Flexion, 90
3-12 Compressive Flexion, 91
3-13 Distractive Extension, 92
3-14 Cervical Spine Injury: Prehospital,
Emergency Room, and Acute
Management, 93
3-15 Traction and Bracing, 94
3-16 Anterior Cervical Spine Decompression
and Stabilization, 95
3-17 Posterior Cervical Stabilization and
Fusion, 96
3-18 Spinal Cord Injury Medical Issues, 97
SECTION 4—NERVE ROOTS AND
PLEXUS DISORDERS
4-1 Cervical Disk Herniation, 100
4-2 Radiographic Diagnosis of
Radiculopathy, 101
4-3 Examination of Patient with Low Back
Pain, 102
4-4 Lumbar Disk Herniation: Clinical
Manifestations, 103
4-5 L4-5 Disk Extrusion, 104
4-6 Lumbosacral Spinal Stenosis, 105
4-7 Spinal Nerves, 106
4-8 Dermal Segmentation, 107
4-9 Thoracic Nerves, 108
4-10 Thoracic Spinal Nerve Root
Disorders, 109
4-11 Diabetic Lumbosacral Radiculoplexus
Neuropathy, 110
4-12 Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal
Plexuses, 111
4-13 Brachial Plexus, 112
4-14 Brachial Plexus and/or Cervical Nerve
Root Injuries at Birth, 113
4-15 Brachial Plexopathy, 114
4-16 Lumbosacral Plexopathy, 115
4-17 Cervical Plexus, 116
SECTION 5—MONONEUROPATHIES
5-1 Compression Neuropathies, 118
5-2 Chronic Nerve Compression, 119
5-3 Electrodiagnostic Studies in Compression
Neuropathy, 120
5-4 Radiologic Studies in Compression
Neuropathy, 121
5-5 Proximal Nerves of the Upper Extremity:
Spinal Accessory Nerve, 122
5-6 Proximal Nerves of the Upper Extremity:
Suprascapular and Musculocutaneous
Nerves, 123
5-7 Median Nerve, 124
5-8 Proximal Median Neuropathies, 125
5-9 Distal Median Nerve, 126
5-10 Distal Median Neuropathies: Carpal
Tunnel Syndrome, 127
5-11 Proximal Ulnar Nerve, 128
5-12 Ulnar Mononeuropathies: Potential
Entrapment Sites, 129
5-13 Radial Nerve, 130
5-14 Radial Nerve Compression/Entrapment
Neuropathies, 131
5-15 Femoral and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous
Nerves, 132
5-16 Iliohypogastric, Ilioinguinal,
Genitofemoral, and Obturator
Nerves, 133
5-17 Gluteal Nerves, 134
5-18 Sciatic and Posterior Femoral Cutaneous
Nerves, 135
5-19 Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve, 136
5-20 Tibial Nerve, 137
5-21 Cutaneous Innervation, 138
5-22 Dermatomes, 139
SECTION 6—PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHIES
6-1 Anatomy of Peripheral Nerve, 143
6-2 Histology of Peripheral Nerve, 144
6-3 Cell Types of Nervous System, 145
6-4 Resting Membrane Potential, 146
6-5 Ion Channel Mechanics and Action
Potential Generation, 147
6-6 Neurophysiology and Peripheral Nerve
Demyelination, 148
6-7 Impulse Propagation, 149
6-8 Conduction Velocity, 150
6-9 Visceral Efferent Endings, 151
6-10 Cutaneous Receptors, 152
6-11 Pacinian Corpuscle, 153
6-12 Muscle and Joint Receptors, 154
6-13 Proprioceptive Reflex Control of Muscle
Tension, 155
6-14 Hereditary Motor and Sensory
Neuropathies (HMSN, i.e., Charcot-Marie-
Tooth Disease), 156
6-15 Hereditary Motor and Sensory
Neuropathy Types I and II, 157
6-16 Other Hereditary Motor and Sensory
Neuropathies (Types III, IV, and X), 158
6-17 Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic
Neuropathy, 159
6-18 Guillain-Barré Syndrome, 160
6-19 Guillain-Barré Syndrome
(Continued), 161
6-20 Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating
Polyradiculoneuropathy, 162
6-21 Diabetic Neuropathies, 163
6-22 Monoclonal Protein–Associated
Neuropathies: Amyloid Neuropathy, 164
6-23 Monoclonal Protein–Associated
Neuropathies: Distal Acquired
Demyelinating Symmetric (DADS)
Neuropathy, 165
6-24 Vasculitic Neuropathy and Other
Connective Tissue Disorders
Associated with Neuropathy:
Fibrinoid Necrosis, 166
6-25 Vasculitic Neuropathy and Other
Connective Tissue Disorders
Associated with Neuropathy:
Sjögren Syndrome, 167
6-26 Immunopathogenesis of Guillain-Barré
Syndrome, 168
6-27 Peripheral Neuropathy Cause by Heavy
Metal Poisoning, 169
6-28 Metabolic, Toxic, and Nutritional
Peripheral Neuropathies, 170
6-29 Leprosy and Other Infections Sometimes
Causing Peripheral Neuropathies, 171
SECTION 7—AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM AND ITS DISORDERS
7-1 General Topography of Autonomic
Nervous System, 174
7-2 General Topography of Autonomic
Nervous System (Continued), 175
7-3 Autonomic Reflex Pathways, 176
7-4 Cholinergic and Adrenergic Nerves, 177
7-5 Autonomic Nerves in Head, 178
7-6 Autonomic Nerves in Neck, 179
7-7 Autonomic Distribution to the Head and
the Neck, 180
7-8 Ciliary Ganglion, 181
7-9 Thoracic Sympathetic Chain and
Splanchnic Nerves, 182
7-10 Innervation of Heart, 183
7-11 Innervation of Blood Vessels, 184
7-12 Carotid Body and Carotid Sinus, 185
7-13 Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia in
Abdomen, 186
7-14 Innervation of Stomach and Proximal
Duodenum, 187
7-15 Innervation of Intestines, 188
7-16 Autonomic Innervation of Small
Intestine, 189
7-17 Enteric Plexuses, 190
7-18 Innervation of Liver and Biliary
Tract, 191
7-19 Innervation of Adrenal Glands, 192
7-20 Autonomic Nerves and Ganglia in
Pelvis, 193
7-21 Autonomic Innervation of Kidneys and
Upper Ureters, 194
7-22 Innervation of Urinary Bladder and Lower
Ureter, 195
7-23 Innervation of Male Reproductive
Organs, 196
7-24 Innervation of Female Reproductive
Organs, 197
7-25 Autonomic Testing, 198
7-26 Abnormal Pupillary Conditions, 199
7-27 Clinical Presentation of Autonomic
Disorders, 200
SECTION 8—PAIN
8-1 Somatosensory System, 202
8-2 Somatosensory Afferents and Principal
Fiber Tracts, 203
8-3 Pain Pathways, 204
8-4 Endorphin System, 205
8-5 Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular
Nociceptive Processing in the Spinal
Cord, 206
8-6 Central Nervous System
Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Drug
Targets, 207
8-7 Thalamic Pain Syndrome, 208
8-8 Clinical Manifestations Related to
Thalamus Site in Intracerebral
Hemorrhage, 209
8-9 Complex Regional Pain, 210
8-10 Herpes Zoster, 211
8-11 Occipital Neuralgia, 212
8-12 Myofascial Factors in Low Back
Pain, 213
8-13 Myofascial Factors in Low Back Pain
(Continued): Posterior Abdominal Wall:
Internal View, 214
8-14 Lumbar Zygapophyseal Joint Back
Pain, 215
8-15 Low Back Pain and Effects of Lumbar
Hyperlordosis and Flexion on Spinal
Nerves, 216
8-16 Examination of the Low Back Pain
Patient, 217
8-17 Osteoporosis, 218
8-18 Diagnosis of Hip, Buttock, and Back
Pain, 219
8-19 Hip Joint Involvement in
Osteoarthritis, 220
8-20 Peripheral Nerves of Feet, Painful
Peripheral Neuropathies, 221
8-21 Peripheral Neuropathies: Clinical
Manifestations, 222
8-22 Neurologic Evaluation of the Somatoform
Patient: Cutaneous Distribution of
Peripheral Nerves, 223
8-23 Neurologic Evaluation of the Somatoform
Patient: Somatoform Conversion
Reactions, 224
SECTION 9—FLOPPY INFANT
9-1 Neonatal Hypotonia, 226
9-2 Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type I (Werdnig-
Hoffmann Disease), 227
9-3 Infantile Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
Disorders, 228
9-4 Congenital Myopathies, 229
9-5 Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita, 230
SECTION 10—MOTOR NEURON AND
ITS DISORDERS
10-1 Peripheral Nervous System:
Overview, 232
10-2 Spinal Cord and Neuronal Cell Body with
Motor, Sensory, and Autonomic
Components of the Peripheral
Nerve, 233
10-3 Motor Unit, 234
10-4 Motor Unit Potentials, 235
10-5 Primary Motor Neuron Disease, 236
10-6 Clinical Manifestations of Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis, 237
10-7 Clinical Manifestations of Amyotrophic
Lateral Sclerosis (Continued), 238
10-8 Mimics of Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis, 239
10-9 Diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis, 240
10-10 Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral
Sclerosis, 241
10-11 Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Spinal
Bulbar Muscular Atrophy, 242
SECTION 11—NEUROMUSCULAR
JUNCTION AND ITS DISORDERS
11-1 Structure of Neuromuscular
Junction, 244
11-2 Physiology of Neuromuscular
Junction, 245
11-3 Somatic Neuromuscular
Transmission, 246
11-4 Pharmacology of Neuromuscular
Transmission, 247
11-5 Repetitive Motor Nerve Stimulation, 248
11-6 Myasthenia Gravis: Clinical
Manifestations, 249
11-7 Myasthenia Gravis: Etiologic and
Pathophysiologic Concepts, 250
11-8 Immunopathology of Myasthenia
Gravis, 251
11-9 Presynaptic Neuromuscular Junction
Transmission Disorders: Lambert-Eaton
Myasthenic Syndrome and Infantile
Botulism, 252
11-10 Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes, 253
11-11 Foodborne Neurotoxins, 254
SECTION 12—MUSCLE AND
ITS DISORDERS
12-1 Muscle Fiber Anatomy: Basic Sarcomere
Subdivisions, 256
12-2 Muscle Fiber Anatomy: Biochemical
Mechanics of Contraction, 257
12-3 Muscle Membrane, T Tubules, and
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 258
12-4 Muscle Response to Nerve
Stimulation, 259
12-5 Metabolism of Muscle Cell, 260
12-6 Muscle Fiber Types, 261
12-7 Overview of Myopathies: Clinical
Approach, 262
12-8 Dystrophinopathies: Duchenne
Muscular Dystrophy—Gower’s
Maneuver, 264
12-9 Dystrophinopathies: Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy, 265
12-10 Dystrophinopathies: Molecular Genetic
Testing, 266
12-11 Myotonic Dystrophy and Other Myotonic
Disorders, 267
12-12 Myotonic Dystrophy and Other Myotonic
Disorders (Continued), 268
12-13 Other Types of Muscular Dystrophy, 269
12-14 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis, 270
12-15 Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis
(Continued), 271
12-16 Inclusion Body Myositis, 272
12-17 Immunopathology for Inflammatory
Myopathies, 273
12-18 Endocrine, Toxic, and Critical Illness
Myopathies, 274
12-19 Myopathies: Hypokalemia/Hyperkalemia
and the Periodic Paralyses
Channelopathies Myopathies Associated
with Disorders of Potassium
Metabolism, 275
12-20 Metabolic and Mitochondrial
Myopathies, 276
12-21 Myoglobinuric Syndromes Including
Malignant Hyperthermia, 277
